Read raylib's header instead of trusting the transcription

This commit is contained in:
Joseph Ferano 2026-09-12 16:20:54 +07:00
commit b239d2ae59
14 changed files with 2054 additions and 26 deletions

158
BUILT.md
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@ -132,6 +132,164 @@ No raylib headers are needed: the generated C declares the prototypes it uses, s
library being linkable and not on `raylib-devel`. `vendor/raylib/link` carries `-l:libraylib.so.550` because Fedora
ships the runtime library without the `.so` symlink.
### The header is read now — `headers`, `lib/cimport.ml`
The section above ends by naming what the generator *trusts*: that the
`defstruct` matches the library's real struct, and that the `declare-c`
signature is the function's real signature. "No header is read, deliberately,
so nothing can check either." A header is read now, and both are checked.
**The dependency, which is the crux, and which this project already answered
once.** Zig's old `@cImport` ran clang as a *library*. That is exactly the
dependency plan.org rejected in "Why LLVM IR as text": a version-pinned C++
library breaks routinely on upgrade, a binary on PATH does not. So this shells
out for `clang -Xclang -ast-dump=json -fsyntax-only`, which is the same binary
every build already runs and adds nothing that is not already being paid for.
`lib/cjson.ml` is enough JSON to read that dump and no more, so it adds no opam
package either.
A note worth recording, because it strengthens the argument rather than
weakening it: **Zig has since abandoned clang here too.** `translate_c.zig` is
gone; `lib/compiler/translate-c/` is built on Aro, a C frontend written in Zig.
Their reason was to ship a compiler containing no clang at all — the opposite
premise to this one, where `clang` on PATH *is* the toolchain assumption. Both
projects walked away from linking libclang; only the destination differs.
**What is imported: functions, and only functions.** Not structs, not enums,
not macros. The bound on how much is not a curated list but the package's own
`defstruct`s — a function whose signature mentions a struct the package has not
described is refused with that reason, so `vendor/raylib` describing thirteen
structs is what makes the import thirteen structs wide, and describing a
fourteenth widens it. Of raylib 5.5's 581 functions, 256 import, 153 are
refused, and 172 are left alone because the package already binds them by hand.
Not generating `defstruct`s is what makes the check possible at all. Generate
them and the header becomes the authority on layout, and comparing the
package's layouts against the header's would be comparing the header with
itself. A `_Static_assert` on `sizeof`/`offsetof` was rejected in the section
above as circular for exactly that reason; **this is not circular, because the
two sides have different authors.** It is the cheapest real closure of the
trusted-not-guaranteed gap.
**Refusing by demotion, which is the one thing taken wholesale from Zig.** Zig's
translator never drops a declaration it cannot handle: `failDecl` binds the name
to a `@compileError` carrying the reason, so the name still exists, the program
still compiles, and asking for *that one name* fails at the use site with the
reason. A wholesale import has a hundred and fifty refusals and a caller cares
about the one they typed. Flan already had that mechanism — `Load.refuse_hidden`,
built for `main` — so `rl/get-gamepad-name` is not a name, and a program that
writes it is told *the return type is a string, and a string only crosses as a
parameter* rather than "unknown name".
That is also the split `shim.ml` needed and did not have. It refuses through
`Loc.fail`, which is right when a human named one function and wrong for a
wholesale import, where one returned `const char *` would kill the header. Same
judgement, different disposition; a hand-written `declare-c` still hard-fails
and `shim.ml` is untouched.
**Two C spellings mean something in a parameter that they mean nowhere else.**
`const char *` is a string going in, and the generator already knows how to hand
one over. `char *` without the const is very often a buffer the callee *writes*,
and handing it a NUL-terminated temporary would lose the writes with no
diagnostic anywhere — const is the only thing in the header that separates the
two, so it is what decides, and an out-buffer keeps a hand-written binding
saying `(Ptr u8)`. `long`, `size_t` and the rest are refused rather than
guessed, and for a reason specific to this project: it builds for x86-64, for
wasm32-wasi and for the browser, and `long` is 64 bits on the first and 32 on
the others, so a guess would be right for the target that gets tested and
silently wrong for two that do not.
**Naming.** `rl/InitWindow` is `rl/init-window`. Reversibility is not a property
of the rule — the C symbol is stored verbatim in the declaration, so the wrapper
reads the library's spelling rather than reconstructing it. What the rule must
be is *injective over one header*, since two C functions arriving under one Flan
name would surface as a duplicate declaration about a name nobody wrote. A
boundary goes before an uppercase letter after a lowercase one, before an
uppercase letter between an uppercase and a lowercase, and before a digit after
a lowercase; nowhere else. So `SetTargetFPS` is `set-target-fps` and not
`set-target-f-p-s`, `BeginMode2D` is `begin-mode-2d`, `UnloadUTF8` is
`unload-utf8`. raylib's 581 names are injective under it. **When two do collide,
neither takes the name** — resolving by order would mean that moving two lines
in somebody else's header silently rebinds a name a program is already calling.
Both are refused, both say why, and the author binds the one they want with a
`declare-c`.
**Where it runs.** `headers` beside `link` in the package directory, read the
same way: a path, any clang flags it needs, `${NAME}` expanded from the
environment. What comes back is ordinary `declare-c` declarations, generated
before the package's names are qualified, so they arrive as `rl/…` exactly like
the hand-written ones and nothing downstream can tell which is which. No new
form, no new `decl_kind`, no reader or parser change. A C symbol the package
already binds by hand is left alone, so `declare-c` stays the escape hatch and
stays the thing that wins.
A leading `?` makes a line optional, and `vendor/raylib` uses it. "No raylib
headers are needed" is a real property — a build needs libraylib linkable, not
raylib-devel installed — and requiring a header would take it from everyone in
order to give the check to whoever has one. Unset `FLAN_RAYLIB_H` and the build
is exactly what it was; set it and every signature is checked. A path that is
*set and wrong* is an error naming it, because silently behaving as though
nobody had opted in is the difference between an opt-in and a trap.
#### What the diff found
The evidence the whole lane exists for. Against raylib **5.5** — the version
whose `.so` `link` names — **all 16 `defstruct`s and all 172 hand-written
`declare-c` agree exactly.** The half BUILT.md called trusted is now checked,
and it was right.
That is only worth stating because the check has teeth. Against the **5.1-dev**
header installed in `/usr/local` it reports ten differences: nine functions that
version does not have (`CheckCollisionCircleLine`, the six `Is*Valid` renames,
`DrawRectangleRoundedLinesEx`) and `DrawRectangleRoundedLines`, which gained a
parameter. Picking the wrong header is therefore loud, which matters, because
the two headers are on the same machine and only one matches the linked library.
Both comparisons run **at build time** and stop the build, not just in the tool.
Verified by breaking them: a permuted `Texture2D` fails naming the field that
moved, and `f64` where raylib says `float` fails naming the parameter — which is
the hazard the section above calls out by name and says only a test can catch.
The message points at the line in `raylib.flan`, not at the header.
`flan import-c <header> [package.flan…]` prints what it would produce, what it
refused and why, and both comparisons, without building anything. That also
makes "generate once and commit the result" available for the cost of a
printer — explicit in the source, checked against reality, no header read at
build time.
#### What it costs, measured
The number that decides how much to import, because `reach.ml` was the reason to
think a wholesale import could be free.
| | today (172 by hand) | + 256 imported |
|---|---|---|
| release build, cold | 0.298s | 0.312s |
| release build, warm | 0.078s | 0.082s |
| redefinition (`flan reload`) | 31.0ms | 46.5ms |
| dev build, cold | 0.649s | 0.982s |
**`Reach.link` already drops a generated wrapper whose declaration nothing
reachable calls, and that is what makes the release column nearly flat.**
Confirmed on the case it exists for: a wasm32-wasi build of a program that
imports raylib and calls none of it still links without libraylib, with 256
extra declarations in play. Dev builds are not pruned, on purpose, so one
compiles all 428 wrappers — once, at session start, since `Build.shared` is
llc + `ld -shared` and compiles no C.
Reading the header is cached, and the cache earned itself against a measurement
rather than a guess: 64ms of a 72ms check, against 8ms for the whole program
without it. What is cached is the *extracted* signatures and not clang's JSON,
because the parse is half the cost — 30ms is clang writing 1.8 MB and the rest
is reading it. Keyed the way the object cache is keyed, on everything that could
change the answer: the header's path, size and mtime, the full flag list, and a
format version, since the value is marshalled. That takes the delta to 17ms.
**The 15.5ms on redefinition is the real cost and it is the argument against
importing at build time**, on the branch where the dev loop is the priority. It
is the strongest case for the third option — generate from the header, commit
the result, regenerate when the library moves — and that decision is open.
### What a headless FFI test can and cannot pin
Worth knowing before writing another one, because two plausible tests in a row turned out to check nothing.

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@ -196,33 +196,62 @@ happens.
**One dependency:** hiccup is a macro, and the macro expander is blocked on `Form` being a Flan union, which is union
values. The backend can start before that; the DSL cannot.
## 6. C interop as seamless as Zig's
## 6. C interop as seamless as Zig's — built, with two decisions left
Today: `declare-c` names one C function per line and the compiler generates the wrapper, the typedefs and the flattened
declaration — 175 lines for raylib. **No header is ever read, deliberately**, which means nothing verifies that a
declaration matches the real signature. That is written down as trusted rather than guaranteed.
**The mechanism is in** (`lib/cimport.ml`, `lib/cjson.ml`, `vendor/raylib/headers`; BUILT.md, "The header
is read now"). Settled and not worth reopening: clang's JSON AST dump over a shelled-out `clang`, never
libclang — and Zig has since abandoned linking clang too, for Aro, which strengthens the argument rather
than weakening it. The import is bounded by the package's own `defstruct`s rather than by a curated list.
Refusals are demotions in Zig's sense: the name exists, cannot be had, and says why at the use site, which
`Load.refuse_hidden` already did for `main`. Names kebab by a rule that is injective over raylib's 581, and
reversibility is by storage — the C symbol is kept verbatim — so the rule never needs an inverse. Where two
names do collide, neither takes it.
The proposal: read the header, prefix a namespace, get `rl/InitWindow` for free, possibly kebab-cased to
`rl/init-window`.
**The evidence:** against raylib 5.5, all 16 `defstruct`s and all 172 hand-written `declare-c` agree
exactly. Against the 5.1-dev header also on this machine, ten real differences. Both comparisons stop the
build, and a permuted `Texture2D` or an `f64` for a `float` is caught by name.
**The dependency is the crux, and this project already answered the same question once.** Zig's `@cImport` runs clang as
a *library*. That is exactly the dependency rejected in plan.org's "Why LLVM IR as text": a version-pinned C++ library
breaks routinely on upgrade, while a binary on `PATH` does not. Linking libclang walks back into it.
What is left is two decisions, and both are the author's.
**The middle path that keeps the property:** clang will dump a parsed header as JSON from the command line
(`-Xclang -ast-dump=json`). Still only `clang` on `PATH`, still no library linkage, and it yields *real* signatures
instead of hand-transcribed ones — which closes the "trusted, not guaranteed" gap that is the strongest argument for
doing this at all.
### 6a. Does reading the header stay a build-time step, or become a code generator?
**The design question is how much to import.** Zig imports everything a header declares. For raylib that is several
hundred functions plus every struct and macro, nearly all unused. The current 175 lines are deliberate, and the
declaration site is also the checkpoint where the compiler *refuses* a signature it cannot safely flatten — an
aggregate return, a variadic, a `string` coming back. A wholesale import removes that checkpoint, or has to reproduce
it as a filter. Generating the list from the header while keeping it explicit in the source is a third option: generate
once, commit the result, regenerate when the library moves.
The cost, measured, with the wrappers pruned by `Reach` as they already were:
**Kebab-casing is separable and small**, with one constraint: it must be reversible, because the generated C wrapper
needs the library's own spelling.
| | today | + 256 imported |
|---|---|---|
| release build, warm | 0.078s | 0.082s |
| **redefinition** | **31.0ms** | **46.5ms** |
| dev build, cold | 0.649s | 0.982s |
Release is nearly free and that question is answered. **The 15.5ms on redefinition is not nothing on the
branch where the dev loop is the priority** — it is a 50% increase on the number that lane exists to keep
small, and it buys a check of signatures that have not changed since the last build.
So the third option from the original discussion is now the live one: `flan import-c` already prints
`declare-c` lines, so **generate from the header, commit the result, regenerate when raylib moves** costs
nothing more to build. Explicit in the source, checked against reality, no header read at build time, and
the check becomes a thing you run rather than a thing you pay for. Against it: a committed file goes stale
silently, which is the failure the whole lane exists to prevent, and "regenerate when the library moves"
is a discipline rather than a mechanism.
A middle reading worth considering: keep the build-time check but run it only when *not* `--dev`, on the
grounds that a release build is where a wrong signature must not get through and a dev build is where
15.5ms is felt. That is the same shape as `Reach` not pruning dev builds, for a symmetric reason.
### 6b. Do the 172 hand-written lines get migrated?
The diff is clean, so nothing blocks it on correctness. What blocks it is that migration needs the header
present at *every* build, which means vendoring raylib.h into the repo or requiring `raylib-devel` — and
BUILT.md records "a build needs libraylib linkable and not raylib-devel installed" as a property that was
chosen on purpose. That is why `vendor/raylib/headers` is opt-in (`?${FLAN_RAYLIB_H}`) today and the
hand-written lines are untouched.
Worth noting what migration would actually lose, since it is small but real: the hand-written names are
better than the rule's. `IsKeyPressed` is `key-pressed?` by hand and `is-key-pressed` by rule;
`CheckCollisionRecs` is `collision-recs?`. And an enum parameter imports as `i32`, because the header says
`KeyboardKey` and nothing tells the importer the package calls that `Key` — so `(rl/key-down? :space)`
would become an integer at the call site. A migration is therefore not a deletion; it is a deletion plus a
kept list of the lines whose face is deliberately nicer than the header's.
## 7. Watching variables

52
NEXT.md
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@ -40,6 +40,58 @@ read. It belongs with item 2, where the listing is being changed anyway.
Read SBCL for what restarts should *mean* and ignore how it moves control: it transfers with `block`/`return-from`,
which §6 rules out.
### Landed — a C header is read, so a binding is checked instead of trusted
`lib/cimport.ml`, `lib/cjson.ml`, a `headers` file beside `link`. Full reasoning in `BUILT.md`, "The header is read
now"; DISCUSS.md item 6 is rewritten down to the two decisions left, both the author's.
The gap closed is the one `BUILT.md` recorded as *trusted*: `declare-c` generates the wrapper, the typedefs and the
prototype from one declaration, so they agree with each other by construction and only the library could disagree —
and nothing had a second opinion to disagree with. Now clang is asked for a JSON AST dump of the header (shelled out,
never libclang — the dependency plan.org rejected; Zig has since left it too, for Aro) and both halves are compared
against it.
**The evidence.** Against raylib 5.5, the version whose `.so` `vendor/raylib/link` names: **all 16 `defstruct`s and
all 172 hand-written `declare-c` agree exactly.** Against the 5.1-dev header also installed on this machine, ten real
differences — nine functions that version lacks and one that gained a parameter — so picking the wrong header is
loud. Both comparisons run at build time and stop the build; verified by permuting `Texture2D` and by putting `f64`
where raylib says `float`, which is the hazard `BUILT.md` names and says only a test can catch.
**Costs, measured, because they decide the remaining question.** Release build +4ms warm — `Reach.link` already drops
a wrapper nothing reachable calls, confirmed on the wasm32 case it exists for with 256 extra declarations in play.
Redefinition 31.0ms → 46.5ms. Dev build +333ms cold, once per session, since `Build.shared` compiles no C. Reading the
header is cached (64ms → 17ms), keyed like the object cache; the cache was built against a measurement, not a guess.
**Opt-in on purpose.** `vendor/raylib/headers` is `?${FLAN_RAYLIB_H}`. "A build needs libraylib linkable and not
raylib-devel installed" is a property chosen deliberately, and requiring a header would take it from everyone to give
the check to whoever has one. Unset means off; set-and-wrong is an error naming the path.
Worth knowing before touching it:
- **The import is bounded by the package's own `defstruct`s**, not by a curated list. A function mentioning a struct
the package has not described is refused with that reason. Of raylib's 581 functions, 256 import, 153 are refused,
172 are already bound by hand and left alone. Widening the binding is a `defstruct`, not a list edit.
- **No `defstruct` is generated, and that is load-bearing.** Generate them and the header becomes the authority on
layout, and checking the package's layouts against it would be comparing the header with itself — which is exactly
why `BUILT.md` rejected a `_Static_assert` as circular. Keeping them hand-written is what makes the check a second
source.
- **A refusal is a demotion, not a drop** — Zig's `failDecl`, which `Load.refuse_hidden` already implemented for
`main`. `rl/get-gamepad-name` is a name that exists, cannot be had, and says why at the use site.
- **`declare-c` and `declare` are untouched and still win.** A C symbol the package binds by hand is not imported, so
the escape hatch is the override.
- **`test/headers/sample.h`** is the importer's table — one function per decision, committed, no raylib needed. The
raylib acceptance case skips without `FLAN_RAYLIB_H`; that one does not.
Two things that are *not* done, and are 6a and 6b in DISCUSS.md: whether the header stays a build-time read or becomes
a committed generator (`flan import-c` already prints the lines, so it costs nothing more to switch), and whether the
172 hand-written lines migrate. Neither is blocked on correctness. The 15.5ms on redefinition is the argument for the
first; needing the header at every build — vendoring raylib.h or requiring raylib-devel — is the argument on the
second.
One smaller thing found and worth not re-deriving: an enum parameter imports as `i32`, because the header says
`KeyboardKey` and nothing tells the importer the package calls that `Key`. The ABI is identical, the face is worse,
and it is why `(rl/key-down? :space)` keeps its hand-written line.
### Landed 2026-09-12 — six tracks, one session
Six agents in parallel worktrees. Kept short on purpose; the reasoning that outlives the change is in `BUILT.md` or in

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@ -148,6 +148,103 @@ let () =
| [] -> Printf.printf "%s: no declare-c, so no generated C\n" path
| parts -> List.iter (fun (_, src) -> print_string src) parts))
files
(* A header, read. The importer is a pure function of the header and the
package beside it, so it can be looked at without building anything
which is what makes the diff against a hand-written binding possible, and
what makes "generate once and commit the result" a usable option rather
than a description of one. Prints the declarations it would produce, then
what it refused and why, then how the package's defstructs compare with
the header's records. *)
| _ :: "import-c" :: header :: rest ->
with_errors header (fun () ->
let pkg = List.filter (fun a -> Filename.check_suffix a ".flan") rest in
let flags =
List.filter (fun a -> not (Filename.check_suffix a ".flan")) rest
in
let ds =
List.concat_map
(fun f -> Flan.Parse.program (Flan.Reader.read_file f)) pkg
in
let structs =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Flan.Ast.decl) ->
match d.Flan.Ast.d with
| Flan.Ast.Defstruct (n, fs) -> Some (n, fs)
| _ -> None)
ds
in
let known_enums =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Flan.Ast.decl) ->
match d.Flan.Ast.d with
| Flan.Ast.Defenum (n, _) -> Some n
| _ -> None)
ds
in
let taken = Hashtbl.create 64 in
List.iter
(fun d ->
match Flan.Ast.declared_name d with
| Some n -> Hashtbl.replace taken n ()
| None -> ())
ds;
let bound_syms =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Flan.Ast.decl) ->
match d.Flan.Ast.d with
| Flan.Ast.Declare (_, s) | Flan.Ast.DeclareC (_, s) -> Some s
| _ -> None)
ds
in
let imported, dump, env =
Flan.Cimport.header ~loc:(Flan.Loc.make header 0 0) ~header ~flags
~known_structs:(List.map fst structs) ~known_enums ~taken ~bound_syms
in
List.iter
(fun d -> print_endline (Flan.Cimport.decl_source d))
imported.Flan.Cimport.decls;
Printf.printf "\n;; %d imported, %d refused, of %d functions in %s\n"
(List.length imported.Flan.Cimport.decls)
(List.length imported.Flan.Cimport.hidden)
(List.length dump.Flan.Cimport.fns) header;
List.iter
(fun (n, why) -> Printf.printf ";; refused %s: %s\n" n why)
imported.Flan.Cimport.hidden;
(match Flan.Cimport.check_structs ~env ~structs dump with
| [] ->
if structs <> [] then
Printf.printf ";; every defstruct agrees with the header\n"
| bad ->
List.iter
(fun (n, why) -> Printf.printf ";; DISAGREES %s: %s\n" n why)
bad);
(* And the bindings the package already wrote by hand, against the
header's own signatures. Nothing else in the build can do this: a
wrong declare-c is wrong in the generated prototype too, so the two
agree with each other and only the library disagrees. *)
let bound =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Flan.Ast.decl) ->
match d.Flan.Ast.d with
| Flan.Ast.DeclareC (fn, sym) -> Some (fn, sym)
| _ -> None)
ds
in
if bound <> [] then
match Flan.Cimport.diff_bound ~env ~bound dump with
| [] ->
Printf.printf
";; all %d hand-written declare-c agree with the header\n"
(List.length bound)
| ds ->
Printf.printf ";; %d of %d hand-written declare-c disagree\n"
(List.length ds) (List.length bound);
List.iter
(fun (x : Flan.Cimport.sig_diff) ->
Printf.printf ";; DIFFERS %s (%s): %s\n"
x.Flan.Cimport.dflan x.Flan.Cimport.dsym x.Flan.Cimport.dwhy)
ds)
(* The IR is target-independent — [Emit] writes no triple and no datalayout,
which is what lets one .ll serve both targets so there is nothing for a
target to change here. Refused rather than accepted and ignored: silently
@ -289,6 +386,7 @@ let () =
| _ ->
prerr_endline
"usage: flan (read|parse|check|emit|shim) <file.flan>...\n\
\ flan import-c <header.h> [package.flan...] [clang flags...]\n\
\ flan build <file.flan> [-o out] [--no-bounds-checks] [--dev] \
[--debug] [--sanitize] [--target=wasm32-wasi|web]\n\
\ flan run <file.flan> [args...]\n\

884
lib/cimport.ml Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,884 @@
(** Reading a C header, so a binding is checked against the library instead of
transcribed from it.
[declare-c] closed half the gap: the wrapper, the typedefs and the
prototype are generated, so they cannot disagree with each other. The half
it left open is the one BUILT.md records as *trusted* that the signature
somebody typed is the function's real signature. Nothing checked it,
because no header was ever read. This reads one.
{2 Why clang, and why not linked to it}
Zig's old [@cImport] ran clang as a *library*. That is precisely the
dependency plan.org rejected when it chose text IR over libLLVM bindings: a
version-pinned C++ library breaks routinely on upgrade, a binary on PATH
does not. So this shells out for [clang -Xclang -ast-dump=json
-fsyntax-only], which is the same binary the build already runs for every
other purpose and adds no dependency that is not already being paid for.
(Zig has since replaced clang here altogether with Aro, a C frontend
written in Zig. Their reason was to ship a compiler containing no clang at
all, self-contained and cross-compiling anywhere. This project has the
opposite premise [clang] on PATH is the whole toolchain assumption so
that move is explained by a constraint that does not apply here.)
{2 What is imported, and what bounds it}
Functions, and only functions. Not structs, not enums, not macros.
The bound on how much gets imported is not a curated list it is the
package's own [defstruct]s. A C function is imported when every type in its
signature maps to something the package already declares or to a machine
scalar; a function mentioning a struct the package has not described is
refused, by name, with that reason. So [vendor/raylib] describing thirteen
structs is what makes the import thirteen structs wide, and describing a
fourteenth is what widens it. The layouts stay hand-written and stay the
single statement about what raylib's structs are, which is the thing the
acceptance tests pin; only the *signatures* come from the header.
This is also why no [defstruct] is generated. Generating one would make the
header the authority on layout, and then the check below comparing the
package's [defstruct]s against the header's records would be comparing
the header with itself. Keeping the layouts hand-written is what makes
[check_structs] an independent second source, and that check is the
cheapest real closure of BUILT.md's trusted-not-guaranteed gap: a
[_Static_assert] was rejected there as circular for exactly this reason,
and this is not circular, because the two sides have different authors.
{2 Refusing by demotion}
Taken from Zig, and the one decision here most worth keeping. Zig's
translator never drops a declaration it cannot handle: [failDecl] emits the
name bound to a [@compileError] carrying the reason, so the name still
exists, the program still compiles, and asking for that one name fails
at the use site, with the reason. A wholesale import has hundreds of
refusals and a caller cares about the one they typed.
Flan has that mechanism already: [Load.refuse_hidden] is the same idea,
built for [main]. So a refused import becomes a hidden name.
[rl/get-gamepad-name] is not a name, and a program that writes it is told
*why* "returns const char *, and a string only crosses as a parameter"
rather than "unknown name".
This is also the split the existing generator needs and does not have.
[Shim] refuses through [Loc.fail], which is right when a human named one
function and wrong for a wholesale import: one returned [const char *]
would otherwise kill the whole header. Same judgement, different
disposition a hand-written [declare-c] still hard-fails, and [Shim] is
untouched. *)
let fail = Loc.fail
(* ── Names ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
The C symbol is kept verbatim in [Ast.DeclareC], so the kebab rule never
needs an inverse: the generated wrapper reads the spelling out of the
declaration rather than reconstructing it. What the rule does have to be is
*injective over one header*, since two C functions arriving under one Flan
name is a collision the checker would report as a duplicate declaration
about a name nobody wrote. That is asserted below, by name.
The rule, in full. A boundary goes before a character that is
- an uppercase letter after a lowercase one [InitWindow] init-window
- an uppercase letter between an uppercase and
a lowercase one [ColorToHSV] color-to-hsv
- a digit after a lowercase letter [BeginMode2D] begin-mode-2d
and nowhere else; an underscore is a boundary and disappears. The third
clause is what keeps [2D] together as one word, and the second is what keeps
an acronym together: [SetTargetFPS] is set-target-fps and not
set-target-f-p-s, [UnloadUTF8] is unload-utf8. *)
let kebab (s : string) : string =
let n = String.length s in
let b = Buffer.create (n + 8) in
String.iteri
(fun i c ->
let prev = if i > 0 then s.[i - 1] else '\000' in
let next = if i + 1 < n then s.[i + 1] else '\000' in
let upper c = c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z' in
let lower c = c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' in
let digit c = c >= '0' && c <= '9' in
if
i > 0 && prev <> '_'
&& ((upper c && lower prev)
|| (upper c && upper prev && lower next)
|| (digit c && lower prev))
then Buffer.add_char b '-';
if c = '_' then (if Buffer.length b > 0 then Buffer.add_char b '-')
else Buffer.add_char b (Char.lowercase_ascii c))
s;
Buffer.contents b
(* ── What clang was asked, and what it said ────────────────────────── *)
(* One C function, as the dump describes it and before anything is decided
about whether Flan can hold it. *)
type cfn = {
csym : string;
cret : string; (* the return type, as clang spells it *)
cparams : (string * string) list; (* name (possibly ""), type *)
cvariadic : bool;
cloc : Loc.t; (* the line of the header it is on *)
}
(* One C struct, for checking a [defstruct] against. *)
type crecord = { rname : string; rfields : (string * string) list }
type dump = {
fns : cfn list;
records : crecord list;
(* A typedef's underlying spelling: [Texture2D] → [struct Texture], and
[Camera] [Camera3D]. Followed when the spelled name is not one the
package declares, which is what lets a Flan [defstruct Texture2D] serve a
C parameter typed [Texture]. *)
typedefs : (string * string) list;
(* The typedef names that are enums rather than records. A C enum is an int
on every target this compiles for, which is also what [Shim] lowers a Flan
[defenum] to, so the two agree by construction. *)
enums : string list;
}
let clang_argv ~header ~flags =
[ "clang"; "-Xclang"; "-ast-dump=json"; "-fsyntax-only" ] @ flags @ [ header ]
(* clang's stdout, or its stderr if it failed. Run through [Unix.create_process]
rather than a shell so a path with a space in it needs no quoting and no
[Filename.quote] round trip. *)
let run_clang ~loc ~header ~flags =
if not (Sys.file_exists header) then
fail loc "no such header: %s" header;
let argv = clang_argv ~header ~flags in
let out_r, out_w = Unix.pipe ~cloexec:false () in
let err_r, err_w = Unix.pipe ~cloexec:false () in
let pid =
try
Unix.create_process "clang" (Array.of_list argv) Unix.stdin out_w err_w
with Unix.Unix_error _ ->
List.iter Unix.close [ out_r; out_w; err_r; err_w ];
fail loc
"clang is not on PATH, and reading a C header is done by running it \
(%s)"
(String.concat " " argv)
in
Unix.close out_w;
Unix.close err_w;
(* Both pipes have to be drained as they fill: the dump is megabytes and a
process blocked writing stdout while this waits on its exit is a deadlock
that only shows up on a big header. *)
let read_all fd =
let b = Buffer.create 65536 in
let chunk = Bytes.create 65536 in
let rec go () =
match Unix.read fd chunk 0 65536 with
| 0 -> ()
| k -> Buffer.add_subbytes b chunk 0 k; go ()
| exception Unix.Unix_error (Unix.EINTR, _, _) -> go ()
in
go (); Buffer.contents b
in
let out_buf = Buffer.create (1 lsl 21) in
let err_buf = Buffer.create 4096 in
(* Read stdout first but keep stderr drained too. clang writes very little to
stderr for a header that parses, and a header that does not parse writes
little enough to fit a pipe, so alternating is not needed but stdout is
the one that is megabytes, so it is the one read in the loop. *)
Buffer.add_string out_buf (read_all out_r);
Buffer.add_string err_buf (read_all err_r);
Unix.close out_r;
Unix.close err_r;
let status = snd (Unix.waitpid [] pid) in
(match status with
| Unix.WEXITED 0 -> ()
| _ ->
fail loc "clang could not parse %s:\n%s" header
(String.trim (Buffer.contents err_buf)));
Buffer.contents out_buf
(* ── Reading the dump ──────────────────────────────────────────────── *)
(* clang omits [loc.file] when it is the same as the previous node's, so file
attribution is a fold over the children in order and not a lookup. Getting
this wrong is not loud: it silently imports everything the header includes,
or nothing at all. *)
let qual j = match Cjson.mem "type" j with Some t -> Cjson.str "qualType" t | None -> None
let read_dump ~header (root : Cjson.t) : dump =
let want = try Unix.realpath header with Unix.Unix_error _ -> header in
let same f = try Unix.realpath f = want with Unix.Unix_error _ -> f = want in
let cur = ref "" in
let fns = ref [] and records = ref [] and typedefs = ref [] and enums = ref [] in
List.iter
(fun d ->
(match Cjson.mem "loc" d with
| Some l -> (match Cjson.str "file" l with Some f -> cur := f | None -> ())
| None -> ());
let mine = same !cur in
let name = Cjson.str "name" d in
match (Cjson.str "kind" d, name) with
| Some "FunctionDecl", Some nm when mine ->
(* A [static] or [inline] definition in a header has no symbol to
link against from outside the translation unit that has the body.
Left out rather than imported and met at the linker. *)
let sc = Cjson.str "storageClass" d in
if sc <> Some "static" then begin
let q = match qual d with Some q -> q | None -> "" in
let cret =
match String.index_opt q '(' with
| Some k -> String.trim (String.sub q 0 k)
| None -> q
in
let cparams =
List.filter_map
(fun p ->
if Cjson.str "kind" p = Some "ParmVarDecl" then
Some (Option.value ~default:"" (Cjson.str "name" p),
Option.value ~default:"" (qual p))
else None)
(Cjson.arr "inner" d)
in
let line =
match Cjson.mem "loc" d with
| Some l ->
(match Cjson.mem "line" l with
| Some (Cjson.Num f) -> int_of_float f
| _ -> 0)
| None -> 0
in
fns := { csym = nm; cret; cparams; cvariadic = Cjson.bool "variadic" d;
cloc = Loc.make !cur line 1 }
:: !fns
end
| Some "RecordDecl", Some nm when mine && Cjson.bool "completeDefinition" d ->
let rfields =
List.filter_map
(fun f ->
if Cjson.str "kind" f = Some "FieldDecl" then
Some (Option.value ~default:"" (Cjson.str "name" f),
Option.value ~default:"" (qual f))
else None)
(Cjson.arr "inner" d)
in
(* A bitfield has no address and no Flan spelling; a record holding
one is not one this can check, so it is not recorded and the
[defstruct] beside it is left unchecked rather than checked
wrongly. Same for an unnamed field, which is an anonymous union or
struct. *)
let ok =
List.for_all
(fun f ->
Cjson.str "kind" f <> Some "FieldDecl"
|| (not (Cjson.bool "isBitfield" f)
&& Cjson.str "name" f <> None))
(Cjson.arr "inner" d)
in
if ok then records := { rname = nm; rfields } :: !records
| Some "TypedefDecl", Some nm when mine ->
(match qual d with
| Some u ->
typedefs := (nm, u) :: !typedefs;
if String.length u > 5 && String.sub u 0 5 = "enum " then
enums := nm :: !enums
| None -> ())
| _ -> ())
(Cjson.arr "inner" root);
{ fns = List.rev !fns; records = List.rev !records;
typedefs = List.rev !typedefs; enums = List.rev !enums }
(* ── C types into Flan types ───────────────────────────────────────── *)
(* What the package already says exists. The importer adds no type of its own:
it either finds a Flan name for a C type here or refuses the function. *)
type env = {
known_structs : string list; (* the package's defstruct names *)
known_enums : string list; (* its defenum names *)
d : dump;
}
exception Refused of string
let refuse fmt = Printf.ksprintf (fun m -> raise (Refused m)) fmt
let strip_prefix p s =
let lp = String.length p in
if String.length s >= lp && String.sub s 0 lp = p then
Some (String.trim (String.sub s lp (String.length s - lp)))
else None
(* [const struct Foo] → [Foo]. Qualifiers carry no Flan meaning — Flan has no
const but they have to come off before the name is recognised, and
const-ness is read *before* this, where it still means something (see
[param_ty]). *)
let rec bare s =
let s = String.trim s in
match
List.find_map (fun p -> strip_prefix p s)
[ "const "; "volatile "; "restrict "; "struct "; "union "; "enum " ]
with
| Some s' -> bare s'
| None -> s
(* A generated type expression carries no location of its own: the thing a
message about it wants to point at is the declaration's line in the header,
which is what the field and the declaration below carry. *)
let ty t = { Ast.t; tloc = Loc.unknown }
let rec ty_source (t : Ast.texpr) =
match t.Ast.t with
| Ast.Tname n -> n
| Ast.Tapp (n, args) ->
Printf.sprintf "(%s %s)" n (String.concat " " (List.map ty_source args))
| Ast.Tslice e -> Printf.sprintf "[%s]" (ty_source e)
| Ast.Tarray (Ast.Lint n, e) -> Printf.sprintf "[%Ld %s]" n (ty_source e)
| Ast.Tarray (Ast.Lname n, e) -> Printf.sprintf "[%s %s]" n (ty_source e)
| Ast.Tmap (k, v) -> Printf.sprintf "{%s %s}" (ty_source k) (ty_source v)
| Ast.Tfn (ps, r) ->
Printf.sprintf "(Fn [%s] %s)"
(String.concat " " (List.map ty_source ps)) (ty_source r)
let tname n = ty (Ast.Tname n)
(* The machine scalars, and the ones deliberately left out.
[long], [size_t] and the rest are refused rather than guessed, and the
reason is specific to this project rather than general fussiness: it builds
for x86-64, for wasm32-wasi and for the browser, and [long] is 64 bits on
the first and 32 on the others. A guess would be right for the target that
gets tested and silently wrong for the two that do not. A header that wants
one says so in [declare-c], where a human takes responsibility for it. *)
let scalar = function
| "void" -> Some "Unit"
| "_Bool" | "bool" -> Some "bool"
| "char" | "signed char" | "int8_t" -> Some "i8"
| "unsigned char" | "uint8_t" -> Some "u8"
| "short" | "short int" | "int16_t" -> Some "i16"
| "unsigned short" | "unsigned short int" | "uint16_t" -> Some "u16"
| "int" | "signed int" | "int32_t" -> Some "i32"
| "unsigned" | "unsigned int" | "uint32_t" -> Some "u32"
| "int64_t" | "long long" | "long long int" -> Some "i64"
| "uint64_t" | "unsigned long long" | "unsigned long long int" -> Some "u64"
| "float" -> Some "f32"
| "double" -> Some "f64"
| _ -> None
let width_varies =
[ "long"; "long int"; "unsigned long"; "unsigned long int"; "size_t";
"ssize_t"; "ptrdiff_t"; "intptr_t"; "uintptr_t"; "time_t"; "wchar_t" ]
(* A named type, after qualifiers and pointers are gone: a struct the package
describes, an enum, or nothing this can hold. *)
let rec named env (n : string) : Ast.texpr =
if List.mem n env.known_structs then tname n
else if List.mem n env.known_enums then tname n
else if List.mem n env.d.enums then
(* A C enum is an int, which is what [Shim] lowers a Flan [defenum] to, so
this is the same ABI and not a widening. What it loses is the nice face:
a parameter typed [Key] takes [:space] at the call site and an [i32]
does not. That is a reason to keep a hand-written [declare-c] for the
few calls where it matters, not a reason to refuse the other five
hundred. *)
tname "i32"
else if List.exists (fun r -> r.rname = n) env.d.records then
(* Checked before the typedef table, because C's usual idiom
[typedef struct Vector3 { ... } Vector3;] puts the same name in both and
following it would arrive straight back here.
One step first, in the other direction: the package may already describe
this record under one of its *other* typedef names. raylib's record is
[struct Texture] and [Texture2D], [TextureCubemap] and the package's own
[defstruct Texture2D] are all names for it, so [LoadTextureCubemap]
returns the same struct the package has described and refusing it would
be wrong. Any known struct whose typedef bottoms out at this record
will do; they denote the same layout by construction. *)
match
List.find_opt
(fun k ->
match List.assoc_opt k env.d.typedefs with
| Some u -> String.equal (bare u) n
| None -> false)
env.known_structs
with
| Some k -> tname k
| None ->
refuse
"%s is a struct the package does not describe — add a defstruct for \
it, or keep a hand-written declare-c"
n
else if List.mem_assoc n env.d.typedefs then begin
let u = List.assoc n env.d.typedefs in
if bare u = n then
refuse "%s is a typedef of itself, which is not a type" n
else
(* Back through [value_ty] and not straight to [named]: a typedef may
name a pointer or a function pointer raylib's [AudioCallback] is
one and only [value_ty] knows what to say about either. Going
straight to [named] reported a callback as an unknown type rather
than as the callback it is. *)
value_ty env u
end
else if List.mem n width_varies then
refuse
"%s has a width that differs between this project's own targets (64 \
bits on x86-64, 32 on wasm32), so no single Flan type is right for it"
n
else refuse "%s is not a type the header importer knows" n
(* A type in any position but an outermost parameter. Pointers are where C says
least and Flan has to say something: a [T *] is one T, or an array of them,
or null, and the header does not distinguish. Flan's [(Ptr T)] claims only
"the address of a T", which is the weakest of those and therefore the only
honest one the same judgement Zig makes when it translates [T *] to
[[*c]T] rather than to a single-item pointer. *)
and value_ty env (s : string) : Ast.texpr =
let s = String.trim s in
if String.length s > 0 && s.[String.length s - 1] = '*' then begin
let inner = String.trim (String.sub s 0 (String.length s - 1)) in
let b = bare inner in
(* [void *] is an address of unknown element type; [(Ptr u8)] is what the
package already spells that as ([Image.data]). *)
if b = "void" then ty (Ast.Tapp ("Ptr", [ tname "u8" ]))
else ty (Ast.Tapp ("Ptr", [ value_ty env inner ]))
end
else if String.contains s '[' then
refuse "%s is an array, which C passes as a pointer and Flan as a value" s
else if String.contains s '(' then
refuse "%s is a function pointer, and a C callback is not implemented" s
else
let b = bare s in
match scalar b with
| Some "Unit" -> refuse "void is not a value"
| Some p -> tname p
| None -> named env b
(* A parameter, where two C spellings mean things no other position does.
[const char *] is a string going in, and [Shim] already knows how to hand
one over: Flan's ptr+len, NUL-terminated into a copy for the duration of the
call. [char *] without the const is not that. It is very often a buffer the
callee *writes*, and handing it a temporary copy would lose the writes with
no diagnostic anywhere. const is the only thing in the header that separates
the two, so it is what decides, and a genuine out-buffer keeps a
hand-written binding that says [(Ptr u8)] and means it. *)
let param_ty env (s : string) : Ast.texpr =
let s = String.trim s in
if String.length s > 0 && s.[String.length s - 1] = '*' then begin
let inner = String.trim (String.sub s 0 (String.length s - 1)) in
let is_const = strip_prefix "const " inner <> None in
match bare inner with
| "char" when is_const -> tname "string"
| "char" ->
refuse
"char * is a parameter C may write through, and a Flan string crosses \
as a NUL-terminated copy the writes would be lost. const char * is \
a string; this one needs a declare-c saying (Ptr u8)"
| _ -> value_ty env s
end
else value_ty env s
(* The return type. Every refusal here is one [Shim] would also make; it is
made earlier so that the reason names the C spelling rather than the Flan
one it was about to become. *)
let ret_ty env (s : string) : Ast.texpr option =
let s = String.trim s in
if bare s = "void" && not (String.contains s '*') then None
else if String.length s > 0 && s.[String.length s - 1] = '*' then begin
let inner = String.trim (String.sub s 0 (String.length s - 1)) in
match bare inner with
| "char" ->
refuse
"returns char *, and a string only crosses as a parameter — a C \
function that returns one returns something Flan has no owner for"
| _ -> Some (value_ty env s)
end
else Some (value_ty env s)
(* ── One header, imported ──────────────────────────────────────────── *)
type imported = {
decls : Ast.decl list;
(* Name and reason, for [Load.refuse_hidden]: the name exists as a thing
that cannot be had, and asking for it says why. Zig's [failDecl]. *)
hidden : (string * string) list;
}
(* [taken] is every name the package already declares, which is what makes the
sidecar additive: a hand-written [(declare-c get-gamepad-name ...)] wins
over the header, and a C symbol already bound by hand is not bound twice
which [Shim] would refuse for the whole build.
[-c] as well as the name itself, because [Shim] generates [foo-c] beside a
[foo] whose signature has a struct in it, and a collision there is refused
for the whole program rather than for the one binding. *)
let of_dump ~env ~taken ~bound_syms (d : dump) : imported =
let decls = ref [] and hidden = ref [] in
(* Collisions are found before anything is emitted, and they take *every*
name in the colliding group down with them.
Resolving one by taking the first and refusing the rest is the tempting
shape and the wrong one: which C function ends up owning the Flan name
would then depend on the order the header happens to declare them in, so
moving two lines in somebody else's header silently rebinds a name a Flan
program is already calling. There is no reading of [spin-2d] that is
obviously right when the header offers both [Spin2D] and [spin2d], so
neither gets it, and both say why. The author disambiguates with a
hand-written declare-c, which is what that form is for.
[bound_syms] is excluded first: a C function the package already binds by
hand is not competing for an imported name at all, so it cannot collide
with one. *)
let candidates =
List.filter (fun f -> not (List.mem f.csym bound_syms)) d.fns
in
let groups = Hashtbl.create 512 in
List.iter
(fun f ->
let k = kebab f.csym in
Hashtbl.replace groups k (f.csym :: Option.value ~default:[]
(Hashtbl.find_opt groups k)))
candidates;
List.iter
(fun f ->
let flan = kebab f.csym in
let skip why = hidden := (flan, why) :: !hidden in
match List.rev (Hashtbl.find groups flan) with
| _ :: _ :: _ as all ->
skip
(Printf.sprintf
"%s all kebab to %s, and which one got the name would depend on \
the order the header declares them in so none of them takes \
it. Bind the one you want with a hand-written declare-c"
(String.concat ", " all) flan)
| _ ->
if Hashtbl.mem taken flan || Hashtbl.mem taken (flan ^ "-c") then
skip
(Printf.sprintf
"%s would be the imported name of %s, and the package declares \
%s already" flan f.csym flan)
else if f.cvariadic then
skip
(Printf.sprintf
"%s is variadic, and a wrapper cannot forward an argument list \
it does not know the shape of" f.csym)
else
match
(try
let ps =
List.mapi
(fun i (n, t) ->
let n = if n = "" then Printf.sprintf "a%d" i else kebab n in
{ Ast.fname = n; fty = param_ty env t; floc = f.cloc })
f.cparams
in
(* [void] spelled as the only parameter is C for "none". clang
reports it as no ParmVarDecl at all, so this is belt and
braces. *)
let ps = List.filter (fun (p : Ast.field) -> p.Ast.fname <> "void") ps in
Ok (ps, ret_ty env f.cret)
with Refused why -> Error why)
with
| Error why -> skip (Printf.sprintf "%s %s" f.csym why)
| Ok (params, ret) ->
decls :=
{ Ast.d =
Ast.DeclareC
({ Ast.name = flan; params; ret; fbody = []; nloc = f.cloc },
f.csym);
dloc = f.cloc }
:: !decls)
candidates;
(* One entry per name. A collision refuses every member of its group and each
of them writes the same reason under the same name, which [refuse_hidden]
would look up identically but a report would print twice. *)
let seen = Hashtbl.create 64 in
let hidden =
List.filter
(fun (n, _) ->
if Hashtbl.mem seen n then false else (Hashtbl.add seen n (); true))
(List.rev !hidden)
in
{ decls = List.rev !decls; hidden }
(* ── Checking the package's layouts against the header's ───────────── *)
(* The point of reading a header that the generator does not otherwise need.
BUILT.md rejected a [_Static_assert] on [sizeof]/[offsetof] as circular:
both sides would have come from the same field list. This is not circular.
The [defstruct] was written by hand and the record comes from the library's
own header, so a disagreement is real information and it is the failure
mode the whole FFI is most exposed to, since a permuted [Texture2D] reads as
five plausible numbers and no link error.
Reported and not raised. A package may legitimately describe a prefix of a
struct it only ever holds by pointer, and a header that is a different
version of the library is a normal state of affairs to be told about rather
than stopped by. *)
let check_structs ~env ~(structs : (string * Ast.field list) list) (d : dump) =
let record n =
match List.find_opt (fun r -> r.rname = n) d.records with
| Some r -> Some r
| None ->
(* [defstruct Texture2D] against a header whose record is [Texture] and
whose typedef says so. *)
(match List.assoc_opt n d.typedefs with
| Some u -> List.find_opt (fun r -> r.rname = bare u) d.records
| None -> None)
in
(* Names and widths both. Order is what a permuted [defstruct] gets wrong and
what BUILT.md says only a test can catch; width is the other half of the
same hazard and the one it calls out by name [f64] where the library
says [float] lays out eight bytes where there are four, and every field
after it moves. Comparing the rendered Flan type rather than the C
spelling keeps the two sides commensurable: [u8] and [unsigned char] have
to come out equal, and [f32] and [double] have to not. *)
let field_mismatch (fs : Ast.field list) (r : crecord) =
if List.length fs <> List.length r.rfields then
Some
(Printf.sprintf "defstruct has %d fields [%s] and %s has %d [%s]"
(List.length fs)
(String.concat " " (List.map (fun (f : Ast.field) -> f.Ast.fname) fs))
r.rname (List.length r.rfields)
(String.concat " " (List.map (fun (n, _) -> kebab n) r.rfields)))
else
List.find_map
(fun ((f : Ast.field), (cn, ct)) ->
if kebab cn <> f.Ast.fname then
Some
(Printf.sprintf
"the defstruct has %s where %s has %s, so the field order disagrees"
f.Ast.fname r.rname (kebab cn))
else
match (try Some (value_ty env ct) with Refused _ -> None) with
| None -> None (* a field type this cannot render says nothing *)
| Some want ->
let a = ty_source want and b = ty_source f.Ast.fty in
if String.equal a b then None
else
Some
(Printf.sprintf "field %s is %s in the defstruct and %s (%s) in %s"
f.Ast.fname b a ct r.rname))
(List.combine fs r.rfields)
in
List.filter_map
(fun (n, (fs : Ast.field list)) ->
match record n with
| None -> None
| Some r -> Option.map (fun m -> (n, m)) (field_mismatch fs r))
structs
(* ── The entry point ───────────────────────────────────────────────── *)
let dump_of_clang ~loc ~header ~flags =
let text = run_clang ~loc ~header ~flags in
let json =
try Cjson.parse text
with Cjson.Bad m ->
fail loc "clang's AST dump of %s did not parse: %s" header m
in
read_dump ~header json
(* ── The cache ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────── *)
(* Measured, not assumed: reading raylib.h costs 64ms — 30ms for clang to write
1.8 MB of JSON and the rest to parse it and map it against an 8ms check
for the whole program without it. The dev loop rebuilds constantly and the
header does not change between two of those rebuilds, so paying it every
time is eight times the cost of everything else put together.
What is cached is the *extracted* dump and not clang's JSON: it is the
parse that is half the cost, and what comes out is a few hundred signatures
rather than megabytes of source ranges.
Keyed the way the object cache is keyed, and for the same reason on
everything that could change the answer. The header's path, its size and
mtime, and the full flag list, because a flag changes what clang sees; plus
a format version, because the cached value is a marshalled OCaml value and a
compiler whose [dump] type has changed must not read one written by the old
one. [Marshal] does not check that for you and a mismatch is a segfault
rather than an exception, so the discipline is: **change the [dump] type,
bump [cache_format] in the same commit.** Nothing enforces it. *)
let cache_format = 1
let cachedir () =
let d = Filename.concat (Filename.get_temp_dir_name ()) "flan-cimport" in
(try Unix.mkdir d 0o700 with Unix.Unix_error (Unix.EEXIST, _, _) -> ());
d
let dump_of ~loc ~header ~flags =
let st = try Some (Unix.stat header) with Unix.Unix_error _ -> None in
match st with
| None -> dump_of_clang ~loc ~header ~flags
| Some st ->
let key =
Digest.to_hex
(Digest.string
(String.concat "\000"
[ string_of_int cache_format;
(try Unix.realpath header with Unix.Unix_error _ -> header);
string_of_int st.Unix.st_size;
Printf.sprintf "%.6f" st.Unix.st_mtime;
String.concat " " flags ]))
in
let path = Filename.concat (cachedir ()) (key ^ ".dump") in
let cached =
if not (Sys.file_exists path) then None
else
try
let ch = open_in_bin path in
Fun.protect
~finally:(fun () -> close_in_noerr ch)
(fun () -> Some (Marshal.from_channel ch : dump))
with _ ->
(* A truncated or stale file is not worth a build failure: the header
is right there and can be read again. *)
(try Sys.remove path with Sys_error _ -> ());
None
in
(match cached with
| Some d -> d
| None ->
let d = dump_of_clang ~loc ~header ~flags in
(* Written to a distinct name and renamed, so two builds running at
once cannot see a half-written file the object cache does the
same. *)
(try
let tmp = Printf.sprintf "%s.%d.tmp" path (Unix.getpid ()) in
let ch = open_out_bin tmp in
Fun.protect
~finally:(fun () -> close_out_noerr ch)
(fun () -> Marshal.to_channel ch d []);
Sys.rename tmp path
with Sys_error _ -> ());
d)
let env_of ~known_structs ~known_enums d = { known_structs; known_enums; d }
let header ~loc ~header:h ~flags ~known_structs ~known_enums ~taken ~bound_syms =
let d = dump_of ~loc ~header:h ~flags in
let env = env_of ~known_structs ~known_enums d in
(of_dump ~env ~taken ~bound_syms d, d, env)
(* ── Printing a declaration back as source ─────────────────────────── *)
(* Which makes the third option in DISCUSS.md item 6 available at no extra
cost: generate the declarations from the header, *commit the result*, and
regenerate when the library moves. That trade explicit in the source,
checked against reality, no header read at build time is a real one, and
it needs a printer and nothing else. [flan import-c] is it. *)
let decl_source (d : Ast.decl) =
match d.Ast.d with
| Ast.DeclareC (fn, csym) ->
Printf.sprintf "(declare-c %s [%s]%s %S)" fn.Ast.name
(String.concat " "
(List.map
(fun (p : Ast.field) ->
Printf.sprintf "%s %s" p.Ast.fname (ty_source p.Ast.fty))
fn.Ast.params))
(match fn.Ast.ret with None -> "" | Some t -> " " ^ ty_source t)
csym
| _ -> ""
(* ── A hand-written binding, against the header's own signature ────── *)
(* The other half of closing the trusted gap, and the one that pays off
immediately: [vendor/raylib] carries 176 [declare-c] lines that were
transcribed by hand from raylib's documentation, and until now nothing could
say whether any of them was right. This says so, one at a time.
Compared as *rendered Flan types*, not as C spellings, because the two sides
are not written in the same language and only the Flan rendering is
commensurable. Three differences are expected and are not reported:
- the Flan name. [IsKeyPressed] is [key-pressed?] by hand and
[is-key-pressed] by rule, and the hand-written one is better. The C symbol
is what identifies the function here, not the name.
- an enum parameter. The header says [KeyboardKey] and the importer has no
way to know the package calls that [Key], so it says [i32]; the
hand-written [Key] is the same int with a better face.
- a [(Ptr T)] where the header says [T *] and the hand-written line chose
something more specific for a reason it recorded.
What is left after those is a real disagreement about a width, an arity or a
direction which is exactly the class of bug BUILT.md warns about, where
[f64] against the library's [float] reads as garbage rather than as a link
error. *)
type sig_diff = { dsym : string; dflan : string; dwhy : string }
let diff_bound ~env ~(bound : (Ast.fn * string) list) (d : dump) =
let by_sym = Hashtbl.create 512 in
List.iter (fun f -> Hashtbl.replace by_sym f.csym f) d.fns;
List.filter_map
(fun ((fn : Ast.fn), csym) ->
match Hashtbl.find_opt by_sym csym with
| None ->
Some
{ dsym = csym; dflan = fn.Ast.name;
dwhy = "the header does not declare this function at all" }
| Some c ->
let say why = Some { dsym = csym; dflan = fn.Ast.name; dwhy = why } in
(* An enum on the Flan side against a plain int from the header is
the expected difference and not a finding that is what a Flan
[defenum] *is* at the boundary, and giving it a name is the whole
point of declaring one. Signedness goes with it: raylib spells
[IsGestureDetected]'s parameter [unsigned int] and the package
calls it [Gesture], and since both are four bytes in a register
there is no ABI difference to report. What is still reported is an
enum against something that is *not* a 32-bit integer, which would
be a real one. *)
let enum_like (t : Ast.texpr) =
match t.Ast.t with
| Ast.Tname n -> List.mem n env.known_enums
| _ -> false
in
let int32_like s = String.equal s "i32" || String.equal s "u32" in
let norm (t : Ast.texpr) = ty_source t in
let same a b =
String.equal (norm a) (norm b)
|| (enum_like a && int32_like (norm b))
|| (enum_like b && int32_like (norm a))
in
if c.cvariadic then None
else if List.length fn.Ast.params <> List.length c.cparams then
say
(Printf.sprintf "declared with %d parameters and the header says %d (%s)"
(List.length fn.Ast.params) (List.length c.cparams)
(String.concat ", " (List.map snd c.cparams)))
else
let param_diff =
List.find_map
(fun ((p : Ast.field), (_, ct)) ->
match (try Some (param_ty env ct) with Refused _ -> None) with
| None -> None
| Some want ->
if same want p.Ast.fty then None
else
Some
(Printf.sprintf "parameter %s is %s and the header says %s (%s)"
p.Ast.fname (ty_source p.Ast.fty) (norm want) ct))
(List.combine fn.Ast.params c.cparams)
in
match param_diff with
| Some why -> say why
| None ->
(match (try Ok (ret_ty env c.cret) with Refused w -> Error w) with
| Error _ -> None
| Ok want ->
let agrees =
match (want, fn.Ast.ret) with
| None, None -> true
| Some a, Some b -> same a b
| _ -> false
in
if agrees then None
else
say
(Printf.sprintf "returns %s and the header says %s (%s)"
(match fn.Ast.ret with None -> "nothing" | Some t -> ty_source t)
(match want with None -> "nothing" | Some t -> ty_source t)
c.cret)))
bound

174
lib/cjson.ml Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
(** Just enough JSON to read clang's AST dump.
Not a general JSON library and not a dependency. The compiler's build
inputs are a [clang] on PATH and nothing else that is plan.org's "Why
LLVM IR as text" applied a second time — so reading clang's
[-ast-dump=json] must not drag in an opam package to parse it. What the
dump actually contains is a narrow subset: objects, arrays, strings,
integers, [true]/[false]/[null]. No floats appear in a declaration dump,
but one is accepted anyway rather than being a lurking parse error.
The reader is strict about structure and lax about what it keeps: a dump of
raylib.h is 1.8 MB and roughly fifty thousand objects, almost all of it
source ranges nobody asks for. Parsing it whole and then selecting is still
well under the cost of the [clang] process that produced it, so there is no
streaming filter here and no reason for one. *)
type t =
| Null
| Bool of bool
| Num of float
| Str of string
| Arr of t list
| Obj of (string * t) list
exception Bad of string
let bad fmt = Printf.ksprintf (fun m -> raise (Bad m)) fmt
let parse (s : string) : t =
let n = String.length s in
let i = ref 0 in
let peek () = if !i < n then s.[!i] else '\000' in
let rec skip_ws () =
if !i < n then
match s.[!i] with
| ' ' | '\t' | '\n' | '\r' -> incr i; skip_ws ()
| _ -> ()
in
let expect c =
if !i >= n || s.[!i] <> c then
bad "expected %c at byte %d" c !i
else incr i
in
let lit word v =
let l = String.length word in
if !i + l <= n && String.sub s !i l = word then (i := !i + l; v)
else bad "bad literal at byte %d" !i
in
(* Strings are the hot path — every node has several — so the common case of
no escape at all is copied out in one [String.sub] rather than a character
at a time through a Buffer. *)
let string_ () =
expect '"';
let start = !i in
let rec scan plain =
if !i >= n then bad "unterminated string at byte %d" start
else
match s.[!i] with
| '"' -> plain
| '\\' -> i := !i + 2; scan false
| _ -> incr i; scan plain
in
let plain = scan true in
if plain then begin
let r = String.sub s start (!i - start) in
incr i; r
end
else begin
let b = Buffer.create (!i - start) in
let j = ref start in
while !j < !i do
(match s.[!j] with
| '\\' ->
incr j;
(match s.[!j] with
| 'n' -> Buffer.add_char b '\n'
| 't' -> Buffer.add_char b '\t'
| 'r' -> Buffer.add_char b '\r'
| 'b' -> Buffer.add_char b '\b'
| 'f' -> Buffer.add_char b '\012'
| '/' -> Buffer.add_char b '/'
| '"' -> Buffer.add_char b '"'
| '\\' -> Buffer.add_char b '\\'
| 'u' ->
(* clang escapes a non-ASCII identifier or a comment this way.
Encoded as UTF-8; a surrogate pair is not joined, which is
acceptable because nothing this reads is ever a name Flan
could use anyway. *)
let hex = String.sub s (!j + 1) 4 in
j := !j + 4;
let c = int_of_string ("0x" ^ hex) in
if c < 0x80 then Buffer.add_char b (Char.chr c)
else if c < 0x800 then begin
Buffer.add_char b (Char.chr (0xC0 lor (c lsr 6)));
Buffer.add_char b (Char.chr (0x80 lor (c land 0x3F)))
end
else begin
Buffer.add_char b (Char.chr (0xE0 lor (c lsr 12)));
Buffer.add_char b (Char.chr (0x80 lor ((c lsr 6) land 0x3F)));
Buffer.add_char b (Char.chr (0x80 lor (c land 0x3F)))
end
| c -> bad "unknown escape \\%c at byte %d" c !j)
| c -> Buffer.add_char b c);
incr j
done;
incr i;
Buffer.contents b
end
in
let number () =
let start = !i in
if peek () = '-' then incr i;
let digits () = while !i < n && s.[!i] >= '0' && s.[!i] <= '9' do incr i done in
digits ();
if peek () = '.' then (incr i; digits ());
if peek () = 'e' || peek () = 'E' then begin
incr i;
if peek () = '+' || peek () = '-' then incr i;
digits ()
end;
if !i = start then bad "expected a number at byte %d" start;
Num (float_of_string (String.sub s start (!i - start)))
in
let rec value () =
skip_ws ();
match peek () with
| '{' ->
incr i; skip_ws ();
if peek () = '}' then (incr i; Obj [])
else begin
let acc = ref [] in
let rec members () =
skip_ws ();
let k = string_ () in
skip_ws (); expect ':';
let v = value () in
acc := (k, v) :: !acc;
skip_ws ();
if peek () = ',' then (incr i; members ()) else expect '}'
in
members ();
Obj (List.rev !acc)
end
| '[' ->
incr i; skip_ws ();
if peek () = ']' then (incr i; Arr [])
else begin
let acc = ref [] in
let rec items () =
let v = value () in
acc := v :: !acc;
skip_ws ();
if peek () = ',' then (incr i; items ()) else expect ']'
in
items ();
Arr (List.rev !acc)
end
| '"' -> Str (string_ ())
| 't' -> lit "true" (Bool true)
| 'f' -> lit "false" (Bool false)
| 'n' -> lit "null" Null
| _ -> number ()
in
let v = value () in
skip_ws ();
if !i <> n then bad "trailing bytes at %d" !i;
v
(* ── Getters ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────── *)
let mem k = function Obj kvs -> List.assoc_opt k kvs | _ -> None
let str k j = match mem k j with Some (Str s) -> Some s | _ -> None
let bool k j = match mem k j with Some (Bool b) -> b | _ -> false
let arr k j = match mem k j with Some (Arr l) -> l | _ -> []

View File

@ -54,7 +54,14 @@ type t = {
(see [Reach.link]). The aggregate fields remain what a dev build uses, where
"not called yet" is not "not called". *)
and pkg = { alias : string; dir : string; owns : string list;
pcsrcs : string list; plflags : string list }
pcsrcs : string list; plflags : string list;
(* Names a [headers] file could have supplied and deliberately did
not, each with the reason already qualified, so [rl/]. A
wholesale header import refuses a great many functions and the
caller cares about the one they wrote, so the reason is attached
to the name and raised where it is used rather than printed at
import. See [Cimport]. *)
phidden : (string * string) list }
let fail loc fmt = Printf.ksprintf (fun m -> raise (Loc.Error (loc, m))) fmt
@ -466,6 +473,113 @@ let link_flags dir =
close_in ch; r
end
(* The [headers] file: C headers to read signatures out of, one per line, a
path followed by any clang flags that header needs. Blank lines and
comments ignored, [${NAME}] expanded from the environment, and a relative
path taken against the package's own directory.
A sidecar rather than a new form, for the same reason [link] is one. The
thing being named is a property of the *package* and not of any one
declaration in it, the importing program should not have to know the header
exists [(import rl "vendor:raylib")] is unchanged at every call site and
a package whose headers move is edited in one place. It also means the
reader, the parser and the AST are untouched: what comes back is ordinary
[declare-c] declarations, which is the only thing downstream understands. *)
let expand_env ~loc ~what line =
let b = Buffer.create (String.length line) in
let n = String.length line in
let i = ref 0 in
while !i < n do
if !i + 1 < n && line.[!i] = '$' && line.[!i + 1] = '{' then
match String.index_from_opt line !i '}' with
| None -> Buffer.add_char b line.[!i]; incr i
| Some close ->
let name = String.sub line (!i + 2) (close - !i - 2) in
(match Sys.getenv_opt name with
| Some v -> Buffer.add_string b v
| None ->
fail loc
"%s names ${%s} and %s is not set in the environment" what name name);
i := close + 1
else (Buffer.add_char b line.[!i]; incr i)
done;
Buffer.contents b
let read_lines path =
if not (Sys.file_exists path) then []
else begin
let ch = open_in path in
let rec go acc =
match input_line ch with
| line ->
let line = String.trim line in
go (if line = "" || line.[0] = '#' then acc else line :: acc)
| exception End_of_file -> List.rev acc
in
let r = go [] in
close_in ch; r
end
(* Split on whitespace: the first word is the header, the rest are clang's. *)
let words line =
String.split_on_char ' ' line
|> List.concat_map (String.split_on_char '\t')
|> List.filter (fun w -> w <> "")
(* A line may begin with [?], meaning "read this header if it is there and say
nothing if it is not".
That marker is what lets a package offer the check without requiring it.
[vendor/raylib] builds today against a shared library alone BUILT.md's "no
raylib headers are needed", which is a real property: a build needs
libraylib linkable and not raylib-devel installed. A required header would
take that away from everyone in order to give the check to the people who
have one. Optional, the default build is exactly what it was, and a
developer with the matching header exports one variable and gets every
signature checked against it. It is the same shape as [${FLAN_RAYLIB_WEB}]
in [link], and for the same reason.
An unset [${NAME}] on an optional line skips it rather than failing, since
"not set" is precisely how the line is turned off. On a required line it is
still an error that names the variable. *)
let header_specs ~loc dir =
let path = Filename.concat dir "headers" in
List.filter_map
(fun line ->
let optional = String.length line > 0 && line.[0] = '?' in
let line =
if optional then String.trim (String.sub line 1 (String.length line - 1))
else line
in
match
if optional then
match expand_env ~loc ~what:path line with
| v -> Some v
| exception Loc.Error _ -> None
else Some (expand_env ~loc ~what:path line)
with
| None -> None
| Some expanded ->
(match words expanded with
| [] -> None
| h :: flags ->
let h =
if Filename.is_relative h then Filename.concat dir h else h
in
(* An optional line that expanded to nothing at all is the
line being switched off, which is the whole point of the
marker. An optional line that expanded to a *path* is somebody
opting in, and a path that is not there is their typo told
about by name, rather than silently behaving as though they had
not opted in at all. Those two are the difference between an
opt-in and a trap. *)
if optional && String.trim expanded = "" then None
else if not (Sys.file_exists h) then
fail loc
"%s names the header %s, and there is no such file" path h
else Some (h, flags)))
(read_lines path)
let real dir = try Unix.realpath dir with Unix.Unix_error _ -> dir
(* One package, and whatever it imports.
@ -527,6 +641,130 @@ let rec import ~seen ~loc alias dir =
| _ -> None)
ds
in
(* Every header the package names, read, and turned into the same
[declare-c] declarations a human would have written. Done here, before
anything below looks at what the package declares, so the generated ones
are owned and qualified exactly like the hand-written ones and nothing
downstream can tell which is which.
A single file is not a package with a directory, so it carries no
headers, for the same reason it carries no [.c] and no [link]. *)
let imported =
if one_file then []
else
List.map
(fun (h, flags) ->
let taken = Hashtbl.create 64 in
List.iter
(fun d ->
match Ast.declared_name d with
| Some n -> Hashtbl.replace taken n ()
| None -> ())
ds;
let known_structs =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with
| Ast.Defstruct (n, _) -> Some n
| _ -> None)
ds
and known_enums =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with
| Ast.Defenum (n, _) -> Some n
| _ -> None)
ds
(* A C symbol the package already binds by hand is left alone:
the hand-written line wins, and [Shim] would refuse the
program outright if one symbol arrived under two Flan names.
That is what keeps [declare-c] the escape hatch a signature
the importer gets wrong, or a nicer face than the header can
describe, is fixed by writing the line. *)
and bound_syms =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with
| Ast.Declare (_, sym) | Ast.DeclareC (_, sym) -> Some sym
| _ -> None)
ds
in
let r, dump, env =
Cimport.header ~loc ~header:h ~flags ~known_structs ~known_enums
~taken ~bound_syms
in
(* The point of reading the header, and the reason it is not
enough to generate declarations out of it.
Everything the generator produces agrees with itself by
construction the typedef and the Flan struct come from one
[defstruct], the prototype and the wrapper from one
declaration so the only thing that can disagree is the
*library*, and until a header was read nothing here had a
second opinion to disagree with. Now it does, so it says so.
Build-stopping, not a note. The package named this header, so
the header is the package's own claim about what it binds; a
[defstruct] that disagrees with it lays fields out in the
wrong order and reads as five plausible numbers rather than as
a link error, which is the failure BUILT.md says only a test
can catch. Continuing past a known-wrong layout to produce a
program that will read garbage is the shape the house rule
against swallowing things exists to prevent.
A structure the header does not describe at all is not
checked and not complained about: a package may legitimately
describe something the header does not name. *)
let structs =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with
| Ast.Defstruct (n, fs) -> Some (n, fs, d.Ast.dloc)
| _ -> None)
ds
in
List.iter
(fun (n, why) ->
let at =
List.find_map
(fun (m, _, l) -> if String.equal m n then Some l else None)
structs
in
fail (Option.value ~default:loc at)
"the defstruct %s disagrees with %s: %s" n h why)
(Cimport.check_structs ~env
~structs:(List.map (fun (n, fs, _) -> (n, fs)) structs) dump);
(* And the hand-written bindings, against the header's own
signatures. These are the lines the importer deliberately
leaves alone, which is exactly why they are the ones nothing
else can check: a wrong declare-c is wrong in the generated
prototype too, so the two halves agree with each other and
only the library knows better. *)
let bound =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with
| Ast.DeclareC (fn, sym) -> Some (fn, sym)
| _ -> None)
ds
in
List.iter
(fun (x : Cimport.sig_diff) ->
let at =
List.find_map
(fun ((fn : Ast.fn), sym) ->
if String.equal sym x.Cimport.dsym then Some fn.Ast.nloc
else None)
bound
in
fail (Option.value ~default:loc at)
"the declare-c of %s disagrees with %s: %s"
x.Cimport.dflan h x.Cimport.dwhy)
(Cimport.diff_bound ~env ~bound dump);
r)
(header_specs ~loc dir)
in
let ds = ds @ List.concat_map (fun r -> r.Cimport.decls) imported in
let own =
List.filter (fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with
@ -540,9 +778,18 @@ let rec import ~seen ~loc alias dir =
let decls = List.map (qualify_decl owned alias) own in
let lflags = if one_file then [] else link_flags dir in
let csrcs = if one_file then [] else entries dir ".c" in
let phidden =
List.concat_map
(fun r ->
List.map
(fun (n, why) -> (qualify alias n, qualify alias n ^ ": " ^ why))
r.Cimport.hidden)
imported
in
let here =
{ decls; csrcs; lflags;
pkgs = [ { alias; dir; owns = owned; pcsrcs = csrcs; plflags = lflags } ] }
pkgs = [ { alias; dir; owns = owned; pcsrcs = csrcs; plflags = lflags;
phidden } ] }
in
List.fold_left
(fun acc p ->
@ -555,7 +802,8 @@ let rec import ~seen ~loc alias dir =
(* What an import did *not* bring: the names an importer might reasonably write
and that are not there, each with the reason it is not. *)
let hidden_of (t : t) =
List.filter_map
List.concat_map (fun (p : pkg) -> p.phidden) t.pkgs
@ List.filter_map
(fun (p : pkg) ->
let ds =
List.concat_map (fun f -> Parse.program (Reader.read_file f))

View File

@ -66,8 +66,14 @@
A [_Static_assert] on [sizeof] and [offsetof] was considered and left out:
both sides of it would come from the same field list, so it would check
this module's arithmetic against clang's and say nothing about the library.
What would convert the trusted half into a checked one is including the
real header when one is installed, and that is not built. *)
What converts the trusted half into a checked one is reading the real
header, and that is built: [Cimport] asks clang for a JSON dump of one
and compares both halves against it every [defstruct] against the
header's record, and every [declare-c] against the header's signature.
Nothing in this module changed for it. The refusals below still raise,
which is right for a signature a human named; the importer makes the
same judgements and merely skips instead, since one returned
[const char *] must not kill a header of five hundred functions. *)
let fail = Loc.fail

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@ -31,6 +31,11 @@
; examples/digits.flan, so the directory has to be here whole.
(glob_files %{workspace_root}/examples/*)
(glob_files programs/*.flan)
; The synthetic C header the importer's table reads. Committed rather than
; reached for on the machine: the raylib case needs raylib installed, at the
; right version, with a variable set, so it skips everywhere and covers
; nothing. This one does not move.
(glob_files headers/*.h)
; The files programs/embed.flan bakes in. An embed reads them at *compile*
; time, so they are a dependency of the checker run and not of the program.
(glob_files programs/assets/*)

48
test/headers/sample.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
/* A small C header, for testing the importer against something that does not
* move. The raylib case needs raylib installed, needs the right version of it,
* and needs an environment variable set, so it is the wrong thing to hang the
* refusal catalogue on: it would skip everywhere and cover nothing. This
* header has one function per decision Cimport makes, and the test asserts on
* the reasons rather than on the count.
*
* Deliberately includes nothing. A header that pulls in stdio would make the
* dump thirty times larger and would put libc's declarations in the way of
* reading the test's. */
typedef struct Pair { float x; float y; } Pair;
typedef struct Shade { unsigned char r, g, b, a; } Shade;
typedef struct Undescribed { int a; int b; } Undescribed;
/* A second typedef name for a record the package already describes under
* another one. raylib does this: struct Texture is Texture2D and also
* TextureCubemap. Both have to resolve to the one defstruct. */
typedef struct Pair Point;
typedef enum Mood { MOOD_CALM = 0, MOOD_CROSS = 1 } Mood;
typedef void (*Notify)(void *user, unsigned int n);
/* --- accepted --- */
void set_seed(unsigned int seed);
int add_ints(int a, int b);
Pair make_pair(float x, float y); /* aggregate out, by out-pointer */
float pair_len(Pair p); /* aggregate in, by pointer */
Shade tint(Shade base, Shade over);
int name_length(const char *text); /* const char * is a string in */
int count_at(const int *values, int n); /* T * is (Ptr T) */
Pair point_of(Point p); /* the second typedef name */
int mood_value(Mood m); /* a C enum is an int */
void take_nothing(void);
/* --- refused, one per reason --- */
const char *name_of(int which); /* returns char * */
void fill_buffer(char *out, int cap); /* non-const char *: C writes it */
int printf_like(const char *fmt, ...); /* variadic */
void on_event(Notify cb); /* a callback */
long file_time(const char *path); /* long varies across our targets */
Undescribed make_undescribed(void); /* no defstruct for it */
/* Two names that kebab to one, so the collision is refused by name rather than
* arriving at the checker as a duplicate declaration nobody wrote. */
int Spin2D(int n);
int spin2d(int n);

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@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
;;;; Every binding called here came out of raylib's header, not out of
;;;; raylib.flan. The package binds none of these four by hand, so if this
;;;; program runs at all the importer produced working declarations — and
;;;; what it prints pins rather more than that.
;;;;
;;;; Needs FLAN_RAYLIB_H pointing at a raylib 5.5 header; the acceptance case
;;;; skips without it.
(import rl "vendor:raylib")
(defn main [] i32
;; A scalar in, a scalar out. Seeded, and a range of one, so the answer is
;; the bound rather than anything random.
(rl/set-random-seed 12345)
(println (rl/get-random-value 10 10))
;; A string parameter. A Flan string is ptr+len and never NUL-terminated, so
;; this only answers 5 if the generated wrapper made the terminated copy.
(println (rl/text-length "hello"))
;; A struct by value in, a scalar out. 0x11223344 is 287454020, and it is
;; the four fields read in r,g,b,a order — swap any two and the number
;; changes, which a round trip could not have told us.
(println (rl/color-to-int (rl/Color {.r 17 .g 34 .b 51 .a 68})))
;; A struct in and a struct out, which is the whole flattening path: the
;; argument goes by pointer and the result comes back through an
;; out-parameter. Tinting by white is the identity, so the four bytes come
;; back separately and in order.
(let [t (rl/color-tint (rl/Color {.r 255 .g 255 .b 255 .a 255})
(rl/Color {.r 17 .g 34 .b 51 .a 68}))]
(println (.r t))
(println (.g t))
(println (.b t))
(println (.a t)))
0)

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@ -658,6 +658,39 @@ let () =
else
print_endline "acceptance: skipping the raylib FFI case (no libraylib)";
(* The same boundary, from declarations nobody wrote. Every binding this
program calls came out of raylib's header through vendor/raylib/headers;
the package binds none of the four by hand, so if it runs at all the
importer produced working declarations.
What it prints pins more than that. ColorToInt of {17,34,51,68} is
0x11223344 the four fields read in r,g,b,a order, so exchanging any
two changes the number and ColorTint by white is the identity, which
hands the four bytes back separately. That is the same argument the
GetColor case makes and for the same reason: handing a struct over and
reading it back proves nothing, because storing and returning is
symmetric and a permuted layout comes back permuted the same way.
TextLength of "hello" is 5, which is only true if the generated wrapper
NUL-terminated the copy.
Skipped without FLAN_RAYLIB_H, because the import is opt-in a build
needs libraylib linkable and not raylib-devel installed, and that is a
property worth keeping. The importer's own table does not skip: it runs
against test/headers/sample.h, which is committed. *)
(match Sys.getenv_opt "FLAN_RAYLIB_H" with
| Some h when Sys.file_exists h
&& Sys.command "ldconfig -p 2>/dev/null | grep -q libraylib" = 0 ->
let out = "10\n5\n287454020\n17\n34\n51\n68\n" in
outputs "raylib, bindings read from the header" "programs/raylib-imported.flan" out;
(* At -O0 too, for the reason the rest of the table is: every struct
here crosses as (addr v) on a local, which is the alloca mem2reg
would launder before anyone noticed it was wrong. *)
outputs ~opt:"-O0" "raylib, bindings read from the header, -O0"
"programs/raylib-imported.flan" out
| _ ->
print_endline
"acceptance: skipping the imported-bindings case (FLAN_RAYLIB_H unset)");
(* raylib's Image family, headless, and the strongest FFI case here: an
Image is pixels in RAM, so raylib *computes* with it rather than
storing and returning it.

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@ -1120,6 +1120,231 @@ let () =
"(defn f [] i32 (let [xs [1 2]] (destructure~nth xs 0 2 1)))"
~needle:"means nothing outside a quasiquote";
(* ── Reading a C header (cimport.ml, cjson.ml) ─────────────────── *)
(* Against test/headers/sample.h, which is one function per decision the
importer makes and is committed so that it cannot move. The raylib case
is better evidence and worse coverage: it needs raylib installed, at the
version whose .so is linked, with FLAN_RAYLIB_H set, so as the only test
of this it would skip everywhere.
The assertions are on the *reasons*, not on the counts, for the reason the
acceptance table gives: a refusal that fires for the wrong cause still
refuses, and a count still matches. *)
let imported, dump, env, fixture_ds =
let fixture =
"(defstruct Pair [x f32 y f32])\n\
(defstruct Shade [r u8 g u8 b u8 a u8])\n\
(defenum Mood [calm 0 cross 1])\n"
in
let ds = program fixture in
let taken = Hashtbl.create 16 in
List.iter
(fun d ->
match Ast.declared_name d with
| Some n -> Hashtbl.replace taken n ()
| None -> ())
ds;
let known_structs =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with Ast.Defstruct (n, _) -> Some n | _ -> None)
ds
and known_enums =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with Ast.Defenum (n, _) -> Some n | _ -> None)
ds
in
let i, d, e =
Cimport.header ~loc:Loc.unknown ~header:"headers/sample.h" ~flags:[]
~known_structs ~known_enums ~taken ~bound_syms:[]
in
(i, d, e, ds)
in
(* What came out, as source, so a wrong type is visible as the line somebody
would otherwise have had to write by hand. *)
let produced = List.map Cimport.decl_source imported.Cimport.decls in
let emits name line =
check ("import-c emits " ^ name) (List.mem line produced)
in
emits "a scalar signature" "(declare-c set-seed [seed u32] \"set_seed\")";
emits "two scalars and a return"
"(declare-c add-ints [a i32 b i32] i32 \"add_ints\")";
(* An aggregate return is the flattening path: Shim turns it into an
out-pointer, and the declaration it starts from has to say the struct. *)
emits "an aggregate return"
"(declare-c make-pair [x f32 y f32] Pair \"make_pair\")";
emits "an aggregate parameter" "(declare-c pair-len [p Pair] f32 \"pair_len\")";
(* const char * is a string going in — the one C spelling that means
something different in a parameter than it does anywhere else. *)
emits "const char * as a string parameter"
"(declare-c name-length [text string] i32 \"name_length\")";
emits "a pointer parameter"
"(declare-c count-at [values (Ptr i32) n i32] i32 \"count_at\")";
(* struct Pair is both Pair and Point in the header and the package
describes it once, so both names have to land on the one defstruct
raylib does exactly this with Texture2D and TextureCubemap. *)
emits "a second typedef name for a described record"
"(declare-c point-of [p Pair] Pair \"point_of\")";
(* A C enum is an int, and so is a Flan defenum at the boundary; matching by
name is what keeps the nicer face. *)
emits "a C enum against a defenum of the same name"
"(declare-c mood-value [m Mood] i32 \"mood_value\")";
emits "a function of no arguments" "(declare-c take-nothing [] \"take_nothing\")";
(* And the refusals, each by its reason rather than by a count. *)
let refused name needle =
check
("import-c refuses " ^ name ^ ": " ^ needle)
(List.exists
(fun (n, why) -> n = name && contains why needle)
imported.Cimport.hidden)
in
refused "name-of" "returns char *";
refused "fill-buffer" "C may write through";
refused "printf-like" "is variadic";
refused "on-event" "is a function pointer";
refused "file-time" "width that differs";
refused "make-undescribed" "the package does not describe";
(* The order-dependent one. Spin2D and spin2d both kebab to spin-2d, so
neither may have it: whichever won would depend on the order the header
declares them in, and moving two lines in somebody else's header would
rebind a name a program is already calling. *)
refused "spin-2d" "would depend on the order";
check "a colliding name is not imported after all"
(not (List.exists (fun l -> contains l "\"Spin2D\"") produced));
check "nor is the other half of the collision"
(not (List.exists (fun l -> contains l "\"spin2d\"") produced));
(* A refused name is a name that exists and cannot be had — Zig's failDecl,
which Load.refuse_hidden already implements for main. Nothing may be in
both lists, or asking for a name that works would report that it does
not. *)
check "nothing is both imported and refused"
(not
(List.exists
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match Ast.declared_name d with
| Some n -> List.mem_assoc n imported.Cimport.hidden
| None -> false)
imported.Cimport.decls));
(* The struct check, which is the point of reading a header the generator
does not otherwise need: the defstruct and the header's record have
different authors, so a disagreement is real information. A
_Static_assert was rejected in BUILT.md as circular for want of exactly
that. *)
let structs_of ds =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with Ast.Defstruct (n, fs) -> Some (n, fs) | _ -> None)
ds
in
check "a defstruct that matches the header is not reported"
(Cimport.check_structs ~env ~structs:(structs_of fixture_ds) dump = []);
(* Permuted: the failure BUILT.md says only a test can catch, because every
field still reads as a plausible number. *)
check "a permuted defstruct is reported"
(match
Cimport.check_structs ~env
~structs:(structs_of (program "(defstruct Pair [y f32 x f32])\n")) dump
with
| [ ("Pair", why) ] -> contains why "field order"
| _ -> false);
(* Widened: the other half of the same hazard and the one BUILT.md names —
f64 where the library says float lays out eight bytes where there are
four, and every field after it moves. *)
check "a widened field is reported"
(match
Cimport.check_structs ~env
~structs:(structs_of (program "(defstruct Pair [x f32 y f64])\n")) dump
with
| [ ("Pair", why) ] -> contains why "f64" && contains why "f32"
| _ -> false);
(* A struct the header says nothing about is not a disagreement: a package
may describe something the library does not name. *)
check "a struct the header does not describe is left alone"
(Cimport.check_structs ~env
~structs:(structs_of (program "(defstruct Nowhere [q i32])\n")) dump
= []);
(* diff_bound: a hand-written declare-c against the header's own signature.
This is the check with no other source a wrong declare-c is wrong in the
generated prototype too, so the two halves agree with each other and only
the library knows better. *)
let bound_of src =
List.filter_map
(fun (d : Ast.decl) ->
match d.Ast.d with Ast.DeclareC (fn, sym) -> Some (fn, sym) | _ -> None)
(program src)
in
let differs name src needle =
check ("declare-c against the header: " ^ name)
(match Cimport.diff_bound ~env ~bound:(bound_of src) dump with
| [ d ] -> contains d.Cimport.dwhy needle
| _ -> false)
in
check "a declare-c that matches the header is not reported"
(Cimport.diff_bound ~env
~bound:(bound_of "(declare-c add [a i32 b i32] i32 \"add_ints\")") dump
= []);
differs "a wrong parameter width"
"(declare-c add [a f64 b i32] i32 \"add_ints\")" "parameter a is f64";
differs "a wrong arity" "(declare-c add [a i32] i32 \"add_ints\")"
"the header says 2";
differs "a wrong return type"
"(declare-c add [a i32 b i32] f32 \"add_ints\")" "returns f32";
(* A symbol the header does not have at all is the version-drift case, and
it is how a package pinned to the wrong release announces itself. *)
differs "a symbol the header does not declare"
"(declare-c gone [] \"no_such_function\")" "does not declare";
(* An enum face against a plain int is the expected difference and not a
finding: that is what a defenum is at the boundary. *)
check "an enum face against the header's int is not a difference"
(Cimport.diff_bound ~env
~bound:(bound_of "(declare-c mv [m Mood] i32 \"mood_value\")") dump
= []);
(* The name rule. Reversibility is by storage — the C symbol is kept verbatim
in the declaration so what the rule has to be is injective over one
header, which the collision case above asserts. These pin its shape. *)
List.iter
(fun (c, flan) ->
check
(Printf.sprintf "kebab %s -> %s" c flan)
(String.equal (Cimport.kebab c) flan))
[ ("InitWindow", "init-window");
(* An acronym stays one word rather than becoming separate letters. *)
("SetTargetFPS", "set-target-fps");
("ColorToHSV", "color-to-hsv");
("UnloadUTF8", "unload-utf8");
(* A digit run takes the uppercase after it, so 2D is one word. *)
("BeginMode2D", "begin-mode-2d");
("GetScreenToWorld2D", "get-screen-to-world-2d");
("snake_case_already", "snake-case-already") ];
(* cjson.ml, on the shapes clang's dump actually contains. *)
check "json: an escaped string"
(match Cjson.parse "{\"a\":\"x\\ny\"}" with
| Cjson.Obj [ ("a", Cjson.Str "x\ny") ] -> true
| _ -> false);
check "json: nesting, numbers, booleans and null"
(match Cjson.parse "{\"i\":[1,-2,3.5e2],\"b\":true,\"n\":null}" with
| Cjson.Obj
[ ("i", Cjson.Arr [ _; _; _ ]); ("b", Cjson.Bool true);
("n", Cjson.Null) ] -> true
| _ -> false);
check "json: empty containers"
(match Cjson.parse "{\"a\":{},\"b\":[]}" with
| Cjson.Obj [ ("a", Cjson.Obj []); ("b", Cjson.Arr []) ] -> true
| _ -> false);
check "json: trailing bytes are refused"
(match Cjson.parse "{} x" with
| _ -> false
| exception Cjson.Bad _ -> true);
(* ── The acceptance program checks end to end ──────────────────── *)
accepts "calc-me.flan type checks"
(In_channel.with_open_bin "../calc-me.flan" In_channel.input_all);

32
vendor/raylib/headers vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
# C headers this package reads function signatures out of. One per line: a
# path, then any clang flags that header needs. A relative path is against
# this directory, ${NAME} expands from the environment, and a leading `?`
# means "if it is there" — an optional line with nothing behind it is simply
# not read.
#
# Why this exists. The declare-c lines in raylib.flan were transcribed by
# hand from raylib's documentation, and until now nothing could check that
# any of them matched the real function — BUILT.md records that as trusted
# rather than guaranteed. Point this at raylib's own header and the compiler
# reads the signatures instead: every hand-written line is compared against
# the library's, every defstruct against the header's record, and any raylib
# function the package has not bound becomes available under its own name.
#
# Why it is optional. A build needs libraylib linkable and *not* raylib-devel
# installed, which is a property worth keeping; requiring a header would take
# it from everyone to give the check to whoever has one. So the default build
# is unchanged and this is opt-in, the same shape as ${FLAN_RAYLIB_WEB} in
# `link`.
#
# The version must match the shared library `link` names — 5.5, libraylib.so.550.
# Reading one version's header while linking another's library is exactly the
# silent disagreement this exists to prevent, and `flan import-c` will say so:
# against a 5.1-dev header it reports ten differences that are all real.
#
# export FLAN_RAYLIB_H=/path/to/raylib-5.5/src/raylib.h
#
# To see what it would do without building anything:
#
# flan import-c $FLAN_RAYLIB_H vendor/raylib/raylib.flan
#
?${FLAN_RAYLIB_H}