flan/syntax-sketch.flan

;; Syntax sketch. Not final — illustrates the decisions in plan.org.
;;
;; Rules held here:
;;   - every type notation reads as exactly ONE data item
;;   - types are inline name/type pairs, as in `defstruct` and a restart-case
;;     clause. NOT in `let`: a local is inferred and takes no annotation
;;   - the return type is always written; () is unit, a real zero-sized type
;;     rather than C's void
;;   - a type VARIABLE is $t; every other type name is concrete, whatever its
;;     case. Lowercase-is-a-variable was the first spelling and is gone
;;   - no `!` convention (nothing is immutable), and no `->`
;;
;; Normative references: spec-memory.md (ownership, containers, places,
;; generics, function values) and spec-conditions.md (restart semantics).

(import rl "vendor:raylib")   ; directory = package, declaration optional;
                              ; imports are always qualified rl/foo

;; ── Type notation ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
;;   [4 f32]       fixed array — a value, copies on assignment
;;   [f32]         slice, ptr+len — a NON-OWNING view, copies the view only
;;   (Vec f32)     owning growable, ptr+len+cap — MOVE-ONLY, carries allocator
;;   (Map string i32)  owning hashmap — move-only
;;
;; Braces are NOT a type. {K V} used to be a second spelling of (Map K V) and
;; was withdrawn: the brace's value and type meanings do not correspond the way
;; the bracket's do, and {} in type position is wanted for anonymous struct
;; types, {.x f32 .y f32}. In a VALUE position {.field v ...} is a struct or
;; condition literal — a field label is a dot, and the colon is left for keys.
;; There is no map literal yet; a map is built with map-new and an allocator,
;; and when a literal arrives it takes {:key value}, which is why the dot is
;; what struct construction uses. A defn's constraint map, {:where (ordered?
;; $t)}, is the other brace form, and it sits after the return type.
;;   (Ptr World)   pointer
;;   (Fn [f32] bool)  function pointer, no captured environment
;;   (Option $t)   union from the stdlib
;;   (Handle $t)   generational handle into a pool
;;
;; A struct is a value type iff all its fields are. One Vec field makes it
;; move-only. Copying an owning container is always explicit: (clone v).

(defalias Vec2 [2 f32])
(defalias Vec4 [4 f32])

;; ── Structs are value types with C layout, no header word ─────────────
(defstruct Enemy
  [pos  Vec2
   vel  Vec2
   hp   i32
   spr  (Handle Texture)])

(defdata Shape
  [(Circle [r f32])
   (Rect   [w f32  h f32])])

;; ── Locals inferred; only signatures are annotated ───────────────────
(defn area [s Shape] f32
  (match s
    (Circle r) (* PI r r)
    (Rect w h) (* w h)))

;; ── $t binds a type variable. Monomorphised at each call site ─────────
;; The sigil is on the type, everywhere a type goes: [$t], (Fn [$t $t] bool),
;; (Option $t). Bare t is the same variable where a type's NAME is an argument
;; in expression position — (vec-new t), (map-new t i32), the cast (t x).
;; There are no type classes, so $t supports only what EVERY type supports, and
;; the body is checked abstractly, so an unsupported operation is an error here
;; rather than at the first call site that happened to instantiate it. Ordering
;; is not supported, so it is passed in as a function value. Type arguments are
;; inferred from the argument types; there is no explicit instantiation.
(defn largest [xs [$t]  gt (Fn [$t $t] bool)] (Option $t)
  {:where (copyable? $t)}
  (if (> (len xs) 0)
    (let [best (at xs 0)]
      (dotimes [i (len xs)]
        (when (gt (at xs i) best) (set best (at xs i))))
      (Some best))
    None))

;; A {:where ...} clause admits the operator instead of taking it as an
;; argument. Five predicates — ordered? equal? hashable? numeric? copyable? —
;; and each instantiation is checked against the ones the signature declares.
(defn smallest [xs [$t]] (Option $t)
  {:where (ordered? $t)}
  (if (> (len xs) 0)
    (let [m (at xs 0)]
      (dotimes [i (len xs)] (set m (min m (at xs i))))
      (Some m))
    None))

;; (largest hps taller)  — a top-level defn is an ordinary function value.
;; An OPERATOR is not: `>` is not a name, and (largest hps >) is "unknown name
;; >". Nor can an `fn` be written inline into a (Fn [$t $t] bool) argument: the
;; generic body is checked with nothing substituted, so there is no type for the
;; fn's own parameters to come from yet. Inside a generic the callback is a
;; named defn; at a monomorphic call site, where the types are already
;; concrete, the fn can be written inline where it is used.

;; Parameters are immutable values; pass a pointer to mutate. `[Enemy]` is a
;; borrowed slice — centroid neither owns nor frees the storage.
;; This one is still a sketch of where the syntax is going and does not compile
;; today, on two counts worth naming rather than leaving to be discovered:
;; component-wise `+` and `/` over a fixed array are planned and not built, and
;; the prelude's `reduce` is (reduce s init f) with its accumulator at the
;; ELEMENT type, so it cannot fold an [Enemy] into a Vec2. Written against what
;; exists, this is a `dotimes` accumulating into a local.
(defn centroid [es [Enemy]] Vec2
  (/ (reduce (fn [acc e] (+ acc (.pos e))) [0 0] es)
     (f32 (len es))))

;; ── Handles, not pointers, for anything cross-referenced ──────────────
;; Pattern bindings bind VALUES, so matching a struct out of a pool would give
;; a copy and `set` would mutate the copy. `resolve` yields (Option (Ptr a))
;; instead, and the pointer is visible in the binding's type. `deref` is the
;; by-value counterpart. Both are overloaded on (Ptr a)/(Handle a).
(defn damage [w (Ptr World)  h (Handle Enemy)  amount i32] ()
  (match (resolve w h)
    (Some e) (set (.hp e) (- (.hp e) amount))   ; e : (Ptr Enemy), field derefs
    None     (log "stale enemy handle")))

;; ── Error handling is layered ─────────────────────────────────────────
;;   Option    expected absence: lookup miss, empty collection, end of stream
;;   Result    failure that belongs in the signature; error set inferred
;;   Condition failure where the CALLER owns the recovery policy
;;
;; Rule: if you can name the one correct recovery at the point of failure,
;; return a Result. If the answer is "depends who's calling", signal.

;; `some` unwraps Some, else early-returns None.
(defn player-weapon [w (Ptr World)] (Option Weapon)
  (let [p (some (find-player w))
        s (some (slot (.inventory p) 3))]
    (Some (.weapon s))))

;; `try` unwraps Ok, else early-returns Err, widening this function's error
;; set. Option→Result conversion is explicit — no implicit From, no anyhow.
(defn load-config [path string] (Result Config)
  (let [text  (try (read-file path))
        table (try (parse-toml text))
        port  (try (ok-or (get table "port")
                          (MissingKey {.key "port"})))]
    (Ok (Config {.port port}))))

;; errdefer runs only on the Result failure path — NOT on a restart transfer
;; (spec-conditions.md §5). Pairs with explicit allocation.
(defn load-atlas [path string] (Result Atlas)
  (let [buf (alloc-image context/allocator)]
    (errdefer (free buf))
    (try (decode-png path buf))
    (Ok (Atlas {.image buf}))))

;; ── Conditions: handlers run on the signalling frame, nothing unwinds ─
;; load-texture cannot know the right recovery — an editor wants a placeholder,
;; a release build wants to abort, a hot-reload session wants to retry after the
;; file is fixed on disk. So it offers a menu and the caller chooses.
;; A condition type is an ordinary struct — there is no defcondition, and no
;; class hierarchy to put one in. Matching is by type plus a predicate.
(defstruct AssetMissing [path string])

;; `signal` has type () and RETURNS if every handler returns normally, so the
;; fall-through path of a restart-case in value position must still produce the
;; type. `abort` has type Never, which unifies with (Handle Texture).
;; Every clause body and the restart-case body share one type.
(defn load-texture [path string] (Handle Texture)
  (if (file-exists? path)
    (rl/load-texture path)
    (restart-case
      (do (signal (AssetMissing {.path path}))
          (abort "unhandled AssetMissing"))
      (use-placeholder [] placeholder-texture)
      (retry []          (load-texture path)))))

;; Intermediate frames say nothing about AssetMissing. Nothing to thread.
;; invoke-restart has type Never: it does not return to the handler.
;; A handler clause is (Type [name] body ...) — the type, then the one binding,
;; then the body. It is not a type paired with an `fn`, and a handler closes
;; over nothing: it is lifted into its own function, so a value it wants to keep
;; goes on the condition or into a global.
(defn load-level [path string] Level
  (handler-bind [(AssetMissing [c]
                   (log "missing asset:" (.path c))
                   (invoke-restart 'use-placeholder))]
    (parse-level (slurp path))))

;; A handler that returns normally does not unwind, so the signaller carries on.
;; That is error accumulation with no monad or applicative. Restarts go at the
;; resync point — once — not in every function below it.
;; The result is an owning (Vec Form): it is pushed to, and it is returned by
;; move, so the caller owns it.
(defn parse-all [p (Ptr Parser)] (Vec Form)
  (let [forms (make-vec Form)]
    (until (at-end? p)
      (restart-case
        (push forms (parse-form p))
        (skip-form [] (skip-to-next-delimiter p))))
    forms))

(defn collect-parse-errors [src string] (Result Ast)
  (let [errors (make-vec ParseError)]
    (handler-bind [(ParseError [c]
                     (push errors c)              ; value struct: copies out of
                     (invoke-restart 'skip-form))] ; the signalling frame
      (let [ast (parse-all (parser src))]
        (if (zero? (len errors))
          (Ok ast)
          (Err (Errors errors)))))))   ; errors moves into the Err

;; ── Allocators. context/temp resets each frame; nothing freed by hand ─
;; `filter` allocates a (Vec Enemy) from the current allocator, which is why
;; this is wrapped: the frame arena is bulk-reset, so the Vec is never freed
;; individually. `each` borrows it as a slice.
(defn draw-frame [w (Ptr World)  dt f32] ()
  (with-allocator context/temp
    (->> (as-slice (.enemies w))
         (filter (fn [e] (on-screen? (.pos e))))
         (each   (fn [e] (rl/draw-texture (.spr e) (.pos e))))))
  (free-all context/temp))

;; ── defer for explicit resources ──────────────────────────────────────
;; defer DOES run when a restart transfer passes through this frame.
(defn save-world [w (Ptr World)  path string] ()
  (let [f (open path :write)]
    (defer (close f))
    (write-bytes f (serialize w))))

;; ── Fixed arrays: component-wise ops and swizzles, no library ─────────
(defn reflect [v Vec4  n Vec4] Vec4
  (- v (* 2.0 (dot v n) n)))

(defn to-2d [v Vec4] Vec2 (.xy v))

;; ── Later: async as a state-machine transform, not fibers ─────────────
;; The handler and restart stacks live in the task state, not thread-local.
;;
;; An imperative loop, not (each (fn [p] (try ...))): `try` and `return` inside a
;; `fn` exit the FN, so a callback would swallow the Err instead of propagating
;; it out of preload.
(defn ^:async preload [paths [string]] (Result ())
  (for [p paths]
    (try (await (load-texture-async p))))
  (Ok unit))